{"id":4269,"date":"2025-06-04T10:10:43","date_gmt":"2025-06-04T09:10:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pragal-prinzenberg.de\/blog\/rolling-stones-urteil-drittvorteile\/"},"modified":"2026-10-27T09:16:47","modified_gmt":"2026-10-27T08:16:47","slug":"rolling-stones-judgment","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/pragal-rechtsanwaelte.de\/en\/blog\/rolling-stones-judgment\/","title":{"rendered":"Lessons from the \u201cRolling Stones Judgment\u201d: Criminal Law Relevance of Third-Party Benefits in Public Law Contracts"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-base-background-color has-background\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h2 class=\"gb-headline gb-headline-0f84c541 gb-headline-text\">Key Takeaways<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The German Federal Court of Justice (Bundesgerichtshof) reassessed key questions concerning the criminal liability of third-party benefits in a public-law context in the so-called <em>\u201cRolling Stones\u201d<\/em> case and overturned the judgment of the Regional Court.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It clarified that benefits such as complimentary tickets are not per se unlawful, provided they form part of a lawful public-law agreement and the prohibition of coupling under section 56 of the German Administrative Procedure Act (VwVfG) is observed.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>At the same time, the decision illustrates how quickly even the appearance of undue influence can give rise to suspicion of accepting advantages or bribery.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>For practice, this means that third-party benefits must be legally soundly embedded, transparently documented, and carefully reviewed under both administrative and criminal law in order to avoid unlawful quid pro quo arrangements and compliance risks.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">On August 31, 2023, the German Federal Court of Justice (BGH) issued a widely noted <strong>appellate decision<\/strong> concerning the provision of complimentary tickets by a concert promoter to a public authority responsible for organizing a Rolling Stones concert in Hamburg (<strong>judgment of August 31, 2023 \u2013 <a href=\"https:\/\/juris.bundesgerichtshof.de\/cgi-bin\/rechtsprechung\/document.py?Gericht=bgh&amp;Art=en&amp;Datum=Aktuell&amp;Sort=8204&amp;Seite=23&amp;nr=138927&amp;anz=1162&amp;pos=696\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">5 StR 447\/22<\/a><\/strong>). The court overturned the earlier judgment by the Hamburg Regional Court of April 8, 2022 (Case No. <a href=\"https:\/\/openjur.de\/u\/2393920.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">622 KLs 4\/20<\/a>) and referred the case back for retrial before a different chamber of the same court.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">During negotiations between the promoter and the Hamburg-Nord District Office, the promoter delivered or promised 100 complimentary tickets with a total value of \u20ac14,743.90 and 300 ticket purchase options.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The <strong>allegations <\/strong>included <strong>bribery<\/strong>, <strong>corruption<\/strong>, and <strong>breach of trust<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Against this backdrop, the BGH ruling addresses fundamental questions regarding the <strong>criminal liability of so-called third-party benefits granted to the public employing authority itself (in this case, the district office) in the context of public law contracts<\/strong>. The judgment illustrates how early the suspicion of improper influence can arise. Remarkably, the BGH also acknowledged that providing such tickets may, under certain conditions, be considered a permissible form of performance and counter-performance.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The decision thus provides valuable guidance for structuring public law agreements involving third-party benefits.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"gb-headline gb-headline-7d954099 gb-headline-text\">The Appearance of Corruptibility as a Criminal Risk<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Even the <strong>mere appearance<\/strong> of a <strong>decision being swayed by external benefits<\/strong> may suffice to trigger criminal liability under \u00a7<a href=\"https:\/\/www.gesetze-im-internet.de\/stgb\/__331.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u00a7 331<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gesetze-im-internet.de\/stgb\/__333.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">333 of the German Criminal Code (StGB)<\/a>. The <strong>legal distinction<\/strong> between: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>the so-called <strong>&#8220;relaxed&#8221; unlawful agreement<\/strong>, where the intent is merely to foster goodwill (\u00a7\u00a7 331, 333 StGB), and<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>the <strong>&#8220;true&#8221; unlawful agreement<\/strong> aimed at the purchase of a specific, unlawful official act (\u00a7<a href=\"https:\/\/www.gesetze-im-internet.de\/stgb\/__332.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u00a7 332<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gesetze-im-internet.de\/stgb\/__331.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">334 StGB<\/a>),<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">is difficult to apply in practice, often unpredictable, and therefore presents a high-risk area for both citizens and businesses.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In addition, criminal liability for bribery or corruption can also arise where an official merely shows willingness to be influenced in the exercise of discretion by a benefit. Such conduct may readily be construed as a <strong>legally relevant &#8220;putting a benefit on the scales<\/strong>.&#8221; <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"gb-headline gb-headline-24d8c1dc gb-headline-text\">Third-Party Benefits under Section 56 of the German Administrative Procedure Act (VwVfG)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A central aspect of the decision concerns the 100 complimentary tickets (delivered to the district office via delivery note!) which the court evaluated as a <strong>potential third-party benefit<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The BGH made clear that such benefits are <strong>not inherently unlawful<\/strong>. However, their permissibility depends on the existence of a <strong>lawful public law agreement within the meaning of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gesetze-im-internet.de\/vwvfg\/__54.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u00a7\u00a7 54 ff. of the VwVfG<\/a><\/strong>. The <strong>administrative law compliance<\/strong> of the underlying contractual structure is the decisive factor.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Particular attention must be paid to the <strong>\u201ctie-in prohibition\u201d (Kopplungsverbot) under <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gesetze-im-internet.de\/vwvfg\/__56.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u00a7 56 VwVfG<\/a><\/strong>, which prohibits making official acts conditional on additional <strong>economic <\/strong><strong>benefits<\/strong>. A tie-in is only permissible if the consideration <strong>serves a specific purpose<\/strong> that  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>serves a legitimate public purpose,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>is factually related to the official performance, and<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>is reasonable in amount.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Additionally, the requirement of written form under <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gesetze-im-internet.de\/vwvfg\/__57.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u00a7 57 VwVfG<\/a> must be satisfied.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"gb-headline gb-headline-40b73332 gb-headline-text\">Representation or Advantage? Assessing Complimentary Tickets<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The ruling also offers important insights into the <strong>legal evaluation of complimentary tickets granted for representational purposes<\/strong>. Depending on the official&#8217;s role, the event, ticket value, and context, acceptance may be permissible. However, <strong>superior approval<\/strong> (\u201cDienstherrengenehmigung\u201d) should always be considered.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"gb-headline gb-headline-82ef954f gb-headline-text\">Practical Compliance Guidelines<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The judgment gives rise to specific compliance-related requirements that go beyond the individual case and provide structural guidance for day-to-day <a href=\"https:\/\/pragal-rechtsanwaelte.de\/en\/competencies\/compliance\/\">compliance practice<\/a> in dealings with public authorities, particularly when entering into public law contracts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"1\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Examine public official status<\/strong>: Not all public officials are readily identifiable by title (see Section 11(1)(2)(c) StGB \u2013 \u201cadministrative private law\u201d). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gesetze-im-internet.de\/stgb\/__11.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u00a7 11 Abs. 1 Nr. 2 c) StGB <\/a> \u2013 \u201cadministrative private law\u201d).<br><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Low-value thresholds<\/strong>: Even minor advantages may be criminally relevant, particularly when cumulatively assessed.<br><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Contractual safeguards<\/strong>: Third-party benefits are only permissible when authorized by a lawful public law contract. A targeted criminal law review is advisable. <br><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Internal transparency<\/strong>: Early involvement of oversight bodies, specialist authorities, or higher-level entities enhances legal certainty.<br><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Complete documentation<\/strong>: Reasons, parties involved, purpose, and scope of the benefit must be traceable.<br><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Arm\u2019s-length comparison<\/strong>: Measures must meet industry standards.<br><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Legal review<\/strong>: When in doubt, seek <a href=\"https:\/\/pragal-rechtsanwaelte.de\/en\/competencies\/compliance\/preventive-counselling\/\">external legal advice<\/a>. Only then can those involved rely on the defense of \u201cinevitable mistake of law\u201d (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.gesetze-im-internet.de\/stgb\/__17.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u00a7 17 StGB<\/a>). <br><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>The \u201cnewspaper test\u201d<\/strong>: Ask yourself, \u201cHow would my actions seem if they appeared in the press?\u201d<br><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Legal dynamics<\/strong>: Stay informed about court decisions and legislative changes.<br><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Compliance culture<\/strong>: Ongoing training and awareness-raising are essential.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"gb-headline gb-headline-d8e26a42 gb-headline-text\">Conclusion<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The BGH ruling emphatically underscores that<strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/pragal-rechtsanwaelte.de\/en\/competencies\/criminal-defence\/\">criminal liability<\/a> risks may arise well before any blatant misuse of official authority<\/strong>. Often, the mere circumstances of how a benefit is offered or accepted can suffice to raise the suspicion of improper influence. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For public administration and municipal enterprises, the best protection lies in a <a href=\"https:\/\/pragal-rechtsanwaelte.de\/en\/competencies\/compliance\/preventive-counselling\/\">legally sound, preventive review of public law contracts<\/a>, along with transparent documentation of all relevant circumstances and proactive disclosure to supervisors or oversight authorities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:17px\">This article is based on a lecture delivered by <a href=\"https:\/\/pragal-rechtsanwaelte.de\/en\/lawyers\/dr-oliver-pragal\/\">Dr. Oliver Pragal<\/a> at the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/posts\/dr-oliver-pragal-764637241_lehren-aus-dem-rolling-stones-urteil-des-activity-7320471946360508416-wL40?utm_source=share&amp;utm_medium=member_desktop&amp;rcm=ACoAAB4-1OoBG3bm5H0vauequ9wlrkL3tXTbr5w\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">meeting of the Compliance Network of Public Enterprises of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg on April 22, 2025<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Key Takeaways On August 31, 2023, the German Federal Court of Justice (BGH) issued a widely noted appellate decision concerning the provision of complimentary tickets by a concert promoter to a public authority responsible for organizing a Rolling Stones concert in Hamburg (judgment of August 31, 2023 \u2013 5 StR 447\/22). The court overturned the &#8230; <a title=\"Lessons from the \u201cRolling Stones Judgment\u201d: Criminal Law Relevance of Third-Party Benefits in Public Law Contracts\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/pragal-rechtsanwaelte.de\/en\/blog\/rolling-stones-judgment\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about Lessons from the \u201cRolling Stones Judgment\u201d: Criminal Law Relevance of Third-Party Benefits in Public Law Contracts\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":4257,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[25],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4269","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-compliance-en"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>\u201cRolling Stones Judgment\u201d: Relevance for Public Law Contracts<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The BGH\u2019s \u201cRolling Stones Judgment\u201d clarifies when third-party benefits in public law contracts may trigger criminal liability and when not.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/pragal-rechtsanwaelte.de\/en\/blog\/rolling-stones-judgment\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u201cRolling Stones Judgment\u201d: Relevance for Public Law Contracts\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The BGH\u2019s \u201cRolling Stones Judgment\u201d clarifies when third-party benefits in public law contracts may trigger criminal liability and when not.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" 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